Causes and symptoms of arterial hypertension, treatment
Arterial hypertension (or hypertension) is a persistent increase in blood pressure (BP).
Now this is a very common pathology that significantly worsens people's quality of life.
Various types of arterial hypertension
No universal medicine for high blood pressure has been invented - it can increase due to a large number of different harmful factors.
There are two types of arterial hypertension:
- essential – appears for no apparent reason. It is found in 90-95% of all clinical cases of increased pressure;
- secondary – develops as a complication of various nosologies.
Secondary hypertension, which occurs most often:
- nephrogenic - formed when the kidneys are damaged;
- endocrine - occur due to hormonal shifts;
- hemodynamic - appear when blood flow deteriorates. This is one of the most common causes of hypertension in the elderly;
- neurological - related to stress;
- iatrogenic - due to taking certain medical preparations;
- hypertension in pregnant women.
There are certain gradations of blood pressure:
- optimal - at the same time SBP (systolic blood pressure) is less than 120 mm Hg. art., DAP (diastolic blood pressure) - less than 80 mm Hg. art.;
- normal - SBP - 120-129, DBP - 80-84 mm Hg. art.;
- highly normal - SBP - 130-139, DBP - 85-89 mm Hg. art.;
- 1 level of arterial hypertension (AH) - SBP - 140-159, DBP - 90-99 mm Hg. art.;
- 2 level of hypertension - SBP - 160-179, DBP - 100-109 mm Hg. art.;
- 3rd level of hypertension - SBP - 180 and above, DBP - 110 mm Hg. Art. and above.
A hypertensive crisis is dangerous - an increase in blood pressure that provokes a sharp deterioration of the body's condition.
Reasons
Most often, arterial hypertension is formed during a violent psycho-emotional reaction due to a lot of negative factors (hypertensive disease is not noticed in people who experience regular strong positive emotions). No means for the treatment of hypertension will not help if the psycho-emotional state is not corrected.
Risk factors for increased blood pressure:
- mature age;
- female gender;
- "lazy" way of life;
- abuse of table salt;
- alcohol consumption;
- smoking;
- diabetes;
- obesity;
- atherosclerosis;
- unfavorable heredity;
- prolonged (months and years) lack of rest;
- multiple stresses.
Symptoms of arterial hypertension
Increased blood pressure is a "technical" component of the pathology described, but at the same time, subjective unpleasant sensations can also occur - signs of arterial hypertension.
Symptoms of primary hypertension:
- headaches;
- pains in the area of the heart;
- general weakness;
- impairment of sleep.
Symptoms of secondary hypertension:
- perceptible pains in the lower back;
- disruption of urination - in particular, forced nocturnal urination, which "drives" the patient to the toilet;
- swelling of soft tissue massifs (that is why drugs for hypertension such as diuretics are prescribed for it).
The development of a hypertensive crisis is characterized by:
- redness of the skin of the face and chest;
- flashing of small "flies" before the eyes;
- unpleasant noise and ringing in the ears;
- headaches, often unbearable;
- shortness of breath;
- chest pains;
- feeling of fear and "looming" anxiety;
- dizziness.
If such clinical signs appear, the patient should consult a doctor without delay - he will assess the degree of risk in hypertension and prescribe therapy. About the risks of arterial hypertension - more on the pages of our clinic website Dobrobut.com.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis of arterial hypertension is made based on the data of blood pressure measurement with a tonometer. Studying the history of pathology and involving additional research methods will also help in the diagnosis.
In the anamnesis, provoking factors of arterial hypertension are revealed.
From the data of the physical examination, the data of the examination during hypertensive crises are informative. At the same time, redness of the skin, worsening of the patient's general condition are revealed.
Instrumental methods involved in the diagnosis of the described pathology:
- arteriography is an X-ray method of studying the state of blood vessels;
- dopplerography - examination of blood flow using ultrasound;
- electrocardiography is important for analyzing the work of the heart, the pathology of which can lead to the emergence of arterial vessel pathology. ECG will help determine how to treat cardiac hypertension;
- ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland and kidneys - will indicate their pathologies - provocateurs for the formation of arterial hypertension.
Laboratory methods involved in the diagnosis of arterial hypertension:
- biochemical blood analysis - it is important to determine the level of cholesterol, lipoproteins, as well as creatinine and urea;
- blood sugar analysis - allows you to detect a violation of carbohydrate metabolism, which worsens the manifestations of arterial hypertension;
- a blood test for thyroid hormones will reveal disorders on the part of the gland that provoke an increase in blood pressure.
Means for the treatment of hypertension
Treatment of arterial hypertension depends entirely on the nosology that caused it. Protocols for the treatment of arterial hypertension include drug and non-drug methods.
Non-drug treatment methods:
- avoidance of all kinds of stress;
- normalization of working and living conditions;
- rejection of table salt, fats, easily digestible carbohydrates;
- refusal from any bad habits;
- physical activity. It should be remembered that exercises with developing hypertension should be moderate.
In the treatment of arterial hypertension, a number of medical preparations are involved. Most often it is:
- ganglioblockers;
- alpha- and beta-blockers;
- blockers of calcium channels;
- diuretics (better known as diuretics);
- ACE inhibitors;
- neuroleptics.
Any appointments should be made by an experienced doctor with deep knowledge - in particular, non-medicinal ones (for example, a complex of gymnastics for the neck in case of hypertension).
Prevention
Prevention of arterial hypertension - simple and affordable measures:
- normalization of working conditions;
- timely rest;
- avoidance of stress;
- struggle with nosologies that lead to an increase in blood pressure;
- proper nutrition;
- refusal of all bad habits.
Diet for the prevention of hypertension is of great importance. A priori, nutrition should be complete and balanced. Refusing to use table salt is important.
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